lyophilized powder is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-09-12. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in the Soviet Union during the 1980s by researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. It was designed as a truncated analog of adrenocorticotropic hormone, retaining only the fragment spanning residues four through ten. Investigators sought a peptide that would preserve the cognitive effects associated with ACTH while eliminating the hormonal stimulation of the adrenal cortex. The compound entered clinical use in Russia during the following decade.
Russian regulatory authorities approved the peptide for nasal administration, and it remains listed in the national pharmacopoeia under several trade names. Documented indications include acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, traumatic brain injury, and certain ophthalmological and neurological conditions. Physicians also prescribe it for cognitive complaints in older patients, although the evidence base for that use is thinner. Outside Russia and a few neighboring states, the substance is not an approved medicine and is sold instead as a research chemical.
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide whose sequence extends the ACTH(4-10) fragment with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline tripeptide. The commonly cited sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, giving a molecular formula near C37H51N9O10S and a molecular weight close to 813.9 g/mol. It belongs to the broader class of synthetic ACTH fragments studied for central nervous system effects rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. In practice the material appears as a lyophilized white powder for laboratory work or as a dilute saline solution in clinical settings.
Development is attributed to researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the early 1980s, building on earlier Soviet work with ACTH fragments. Russian regulatory approval followed for intranasal use, and the compound has remained commercially available there for decades. Most published human data originate from Russian and, later, some Eastern European clinical reports, which are not always accessible in English translation. Outside that region the material is generally handled as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Analog of an ACTH fragment |
| Amino acid length | Seven residues | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro |
| Origin | Moscow, 1980s | Institute of Molecular Genetics |
| Approved regions | Russia and some neighboring states | Not cleared in Western markets |
| Common trade names | Multiple national brands | Sold as a nasal formulation |
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
该化合物于二十世纪八十年代在俄罗斯被开发，相关工作由俄罗斯科学院分子遗传学研究所的研究团队主导。开发目标并非复制 ACTH 的完整激素活性，而是寻找保留其神经作用方向、同时去除促肾上腺皮质激素释放效应的短肽片段。研究记录显示，这一方向促成了多个相关短肽的合成与筛选，而 Semax 是其中被研究最广泛的一个。当地文献常以 Семакс 这一名称指代它。
研究兴趣主要集中在神经营养因子相关的路径上，包括脑源性神经营养因子与神经生长因子的表达变化。部分实验报告称在特定条件下观察到这些因子的水平上升，但具体信号通路和剂量依赖关系仍未完全厘清。多数公开数据来自细胞模型和动物实验，人体对照研究数量有限。因此，该化合物的作用机制在文献中属于活跃讨论，而非已经确立的定论。
E306 Tocopherol-rich extract (mixed, natural, can include tocotrienol) E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) These E numbers include all racemic forms and acetate esters thereof. Commonly found on food labels in Europe and some other countries, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority.
Squadron Leader Iain Roderic Gillespie (2618287), (Retired). Warrant Officer Anthony John Gough, , (N1944467). Corporal (now Acting Sergeant) Alistair Colin Green (B8213475). Warrant Officer Michael John Hatch (M0593513). Squadron Leader Mark William Gardner Hopkins (2625781). Warrant Officer William James Cameron Kearney, , (D1949781). Sergeant Gary Kennedy (L8001367). Sergeant Roy Martin (A8015128). Warrant Officer Brian David Medland (R1949361), (Retired). Corporal (now Acting Sergeant) Kevin John Mulloy (F8201300). Corporal Ian William Partington (T8153337). Squadron Leader Vivienne Alexandra Sim (2797569), (Retired). Warrant Officer Keith Alexander Smith (P8089172). Squadron Leader Steven Glynn Smyth (8025529). Warrant Officer Barry Walch (U4287360). Junior Technician Peter Allan Wildman (D8410829). Squadron Leader Timothy Andrew Wilkinson (5203138). Master Aircrew Alistair John Woolfson (T8018944). Civil Division Kenneth Elliott Ackerley. For services to Physically Handicapped People. Graham Clifford Adams, Storekeeper, Manufacturing Division, Rolls-Royce & Associates plc. For services to the Automobile Industry. William Aitken. For services to the community in Aberdeen. Anne Aldred, Revenue Assistant, Board of Inland Revenue. Richard John Alibone, Senior Professional Technical Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Lieutenant Commander Peter Douglas Allen, Royal Navy (Retd.), Retired Officer 2, Ministry of Defence. Yashwanti Chandrakant Amlani. For services to Community Relations in Bristol. Ann McCall Amos, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence.
Peter Giles later called it one of Fripp's "cute political moves". According to Michael Giles, his brother had become disillusioned with the band's lack of success and departed before Fripp ever made this suggestion.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main inducers of endothelial cell proliferation and permeability of blood vessels. Two RTKs bind to VEGF at the cell surface, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1). The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of seven Ig-like domains so, like FGFRs, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. They also possess a single transmembrane spanning region and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain. VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1). VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF. The function of VEGFR-1 is less well defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling. Another function of VEGFR-1 may be to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). A third receptor has been discovered (VEGFR-3); however, VEGF-A is not a ligand for this receptor. VEGFR-3 mediates lymphangiogenesis in response to VEGF-C and VEGF-D.
== Personal life == In 2003, Laidlaw said his favorite games included the Legend of Zelda series, Animal Crossing, Um Jammer Lammy, Castlevania: Symphony of the Night, Ico, Fatal Frame and Thief: The Dark Project. After leaving Valve, Laidlaw moved to Kauai, Hawaii. He moved to Los Angeles in 2020. He has an amateur radio license and his call sign is WH6FXC. Laidlaw also writes and records music.
=== Somatostatin analogs === Octreotide is an analog of the peptide hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the production of the growth hormone as well as numerous peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal system, including insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin. Octreotide is used for suppression of the hormonal syndromes which accompany several pancreatic islet cell tumors, including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of gastrinoma and the chronic hypoglycemia of insulinoma. It is also effective in suppression of the carcinoid syndrome, caused by advanced or extra-gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Octreotide may also be used for treatment of severe diarrhea caused by 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Adverse effects == There are limited amounts of research available on the effects of 3-CMC. The effects are likely comparable to those of other cathinones of which it is known exposure can result in symptoms such as tachycardia, hypertension, and episodes of psychosis. Users also report other side effects including an increase in body temperature, sweating, anxiety, and dry mouth.
== V == vaccine - vacuole - valence - valine - van der Waals force - van der Waals radius - vapor pressure - vapour pressure - vasoactive intestinal peptide - vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor - vasopressin - vasopressin receptor - venom - vertebrate photoreceptor - vesicle - vestibular system - vimentin - viral envelope protein - viral oncogene protein - viral protein - virology - virus (biology) - vitamin - vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein - vitellogenin - vitronectin - von Willebrand factor
Modern substitutes for rabbit-skin glue are available, such as Gamblin's PVA size and Golden Acrylics’ GAC100. Although these substitutes are still very slightly hygroscopic, they are much less hygroscopic than rabbit-skin glue, and should not cause damage the way rabbit-skin glue does. However, these modern replacements do not stiffen and tighten the canvas as well as rabbit-skin glue, so some artists still prefer to use rabbit-skin glue.
Sutures: The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. In fetal skulls, the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial). Syndesmosis: Some of the long bones in the body such as the radius and ulna in the forearm are joined by a syndesmosis (along the interosseous membrane). Syndemoses are slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial). The distal tibiofibular joint is another example. A gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the socket in the maxilla or mandible (jawbones).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It originated at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the 1980s. The work was carried out by a Russian research group that specialized in peptide neuropharmacology.
It is registered as a medicine in Russia and has been used clinically there for decades. No regulatory agency in Western Europe or North America has approved it for any indication.
Semax corresponds to the four-to-ten fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Because it omits the first three residues, it lacks the adrenal-stimulating action of the full hormone.
It is a short synthetic peptide built from seven amino acids: methionine, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine and three prolines. The sequence derives from the 4-10 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone with an added proline-glycine-proline tail. No plant or animal extract is involved; the material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis.